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What is Third Normal Form? The third step in Normalization is 3NF. For a table to be in third normal form, it needs to satisfy the following conditions: For every non-trivial function dependency X → Y. X is a super key. Y is a prime attribute, i.e., each element of Y is part of some […]

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What is 2NF? The second step in Normalization is 2NF. A table must meet two requirements to be in the second normal form: The relation must be in the 1NF. In the second normal form, all non-key attributes are entirely functionally dependent on the primary key Let’s see, what we mean by dependency. What are […]

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Let’s look at the first normal form in detail from the previous lecture where we saw a brief overview of the normal forms. First Normal Form (1NF) is the first level of normalization in database design. It ensures that the data in a table is organized in a way that avoids redundancy and anomalies. The […]

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What is Database Normalization? A database design technique called normalization reduces data duplication and gets rid of undesirable traits like Insertion, Update, and Deletion Anomalies. Using relationships, normalization rules break up larger tables into smaller tables. SQL normalization serves the dual purpose of removing unnecessary (repetitive) data and ensuring logical data storage. Why is normalization […]

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What are the Keys in DBMS? In DBMS, KEYS is an attribute or set of attributes that aid in relational row (tuple) identification (table). You can use them to discover the connection between two tables. By combining one or more of the table’s columns, keys enable you to uniquely identify each row in the table. […]

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The ER (Entity-Relationship) model is a graphical representation used to design databases. On the other hand, the relational model is a mathematical representation that outlines the connections between database tables. After creating the system’s ER diagram, we must translate it into relational models, which can be instantly implemented by any RDBMS, such as Oracle, MySQL, […]

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A non-procedural query language called relational calculus is used to retrieve data from relational databases. Thanks to this mathematical based system, users can describe what they want to retrieve from a database without specifying how to do so. Note: There are two types of quantifiers: Universal Quantifiers: The universal quantifier, denoted by ∀, is read as […]

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Relational Algebra is a procedural query language, which takes Relation as input and generates relation as output. SQL and relational databases primarily have their theoretical underpinnings in relational algebra. In relational algebra, the input typically consists of a collection of one or more relations, and the output typically consists of another relation that illustrates the […]

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A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a group of tools and features that enables IT teams and other users to build, maintain, and interact with relational databases in various ways. Most commercial relational database management systems (RDBMS) use Structured Query Language (SQL) to access the databases, which are stored as tables in RDBMS. However, […]

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After conducting extensive research on the Relational Model of database systems, Dr. Edgar F. Codd developed twelve rules that, in his opinion, a database must adhere to in order to be considered a true relational database.(Codd proposed 13 rules popularly known as Codd’s 12 rules to test DBMS’s concept against his relational model. ) Any database management system […]